economonkey

Should we be surprised that the Bank of England took desperate action today, cutting interest rates by an astounding 1.5 percent down to 3 percent, the lowest level in over half a century? OK, so it’s a massive cut and far more than the 1% which even the most dovish of market watchers were calling […]

If you’re waiting for this whole “property market slowdown” thing to blow over so you can sell your house/buy a house/stop lying in bed awake at night worrying about whether you’ll have to spend your retirement eating nothing but Asda own-brand catfood, don’t expect things to improve any time soon. The news just keeps getting […]

Once a month without fail the British press gets its knickers all in a twist over what the Bank of England’s decision on interest rates will be and what it will mean for us all. But is this monthly tweaking of rates by quarter of a percent in either direction really that important any more? […]

According to the FT, chancellor Alistair Darling wants to put a panel of leading lights from the City of London’s financial sector into the Bank of England in order to oversee the Bank’s decisions on financial stability. So let me get this straight - here we have a bunch of suits from the city, where […]

Although most people have a rough idea of how the UK economy works (or, if you’re being cynical, doesn’t work), the functions of the various components and their relationships to each other can be quite elusive. We’ve covered some aspects of money on this site in the past (here, for example), but there’s more to the economy than money itself. In fact, arguably more important than money is the way in which that money is moved around the economic system of the UK.

Over the next few articles I’m going to look at each of the main institutions involved in the movement and management of money in the UK. I’ll be looking at the Treasury, the FSA, the City of London as a whole and, to start with, the Bank of England (you may have spotted the one glaring hole in this list, more important than all the rest, which I’ll cover at at a later date).

The Bank of England is not a bank in the traditional sense. You can’t deposit your money there directly, and nor can you borrow from it directly. Banks, however, can. This is the fundamental aspect of one of the Bank’s stated core purposes: to maintain financial stability in the UK economy. By lending to banks that are suffering from cash-flow problems, unusual circumstances or moronic management, the Bank can act as a buffer to prevent problems in one area of the economy spilling over into others. Hopefully.

To quote from the Bank’s own documents: “Financial stability entails detecting and reducing threats to the financial system as a whole. Such threats are detected through the Bank’s surveillance and market intelligence functions. They are reduced by strengthening infrastructure, and by financial and other operations, at home and abroad, including, in exceptional circumstances, by acting as the lender of last resort.”

You may feel a hollow laugh coming on at this point, given the last year’s experience of a crumbled, nationalised bank, a bursting bubble of overpriced housing, rising inflation - especially in food and fuel - and incomes that fail to match expenses. It doesn’t look much like financial stability, does it?

This article from the Scotsman highlights the difference of opinion between the Bank of England and the Treasury on what we can expect from the economy over the next year. The Bank, which is (at least in theory) independent from the goverment, claims economic growth will slow to 1.5% for 2009, while the Treasury says […]

Usually on this site I write features about various aspects of the financial system, leaving Lance to concentrate on the current affairs opinion pieces. But it’s becoming increasingly difficult to remain dispassionate.

The financial system is having a bit of a wobble at the moment, rather like that earthquake that hit the UK recently, knocking a few glasses off the shelves and knocking a few minor celebrities off the front pages, at least for a day.

What has been called a ‘credit crunch’, and ignorantly predicted to be ‘over by Christmas’ (though, like the war, nobody states which year), is actually something rather more serious: in all probability it’s a return to normality. Risk is now being priced back into investments, default spreads are widening and, in general, everybody’s paying more for their money.

Which is as it should be. The last five years or so have seen a collective delusion on the part of economists, central bankers (with some exceptions), financial journalists, house buyers and consumers.

Of course interest rates will stay low (never mind inflation). Of course house prices always go up by 10% a year when wages rise by 3% (never mind the impossibility of the maths). Of course it’s different this time (no, it never is). Of course the UK has a miracle economy based on selling financial products and ever more expensive houses to each other, and doesn’t need manufacturing (unlike the Germans, for example).

To use the vernacular for a moment, it was all bollocks.

It sounds like a daft question, doesn’t it? Money is the notes and coins in your pocket, the numbers on your bank statement, the limit on your credit card. You use it to buy things. Simple as that.

However, as with many seemingly daft questions, this one is worth scrutinising more carefully. For instance, why are those particular notes and coins ‘worth’ something? Why can’t we make our own? Why do we need money in the first place? How do the electronic numbers in bank accounts become the ‘real’ notes and coins in our hands? All of these questions and more spring up when we ask what money is.

Not all the questions can be answered in one short article, but we can lay the groundwork here. We’ll start with a basic premise and work upwards. Here goes: money is a medium of exchange.

When people talk about ‘inflation’, they implicitly mean one of two types: price inflation or wage inflation. In simple terms, price inflation is an increase in the cost of the things people buy, such as food, furniture, fuel and so on. Wage inflation is what happens when salaries go up across the board, regardless of the type of market sector or level of job.

One type of inflation can lead into the other, with higher prices leading to demands for higher wages to compensate, then strikes, capitulation, an increase in prices to cover higher payroll costs, and around again, in what’s termed a wage-price spiral, a type of positive feedback loop.

There are various indices that measure price inflation. The UK government used to target RPI (the Retail Prices Index), aiming to keep it below 2.5%: at the time of writing it’s a whisker over 4%. But in more recent times the target has been CPI (the Consumer Prices Index), also known as the Cheap Plastic Index or Chinese Products Index by cynics, because it excludes housing costs and places quite a high emphasis on consumer electronics. Some people complain that ‘real’ price inflation is anywhere between 5% and 10%, depending on who you are and what you buy: you can check your own at www.statistics.gov.uk/pic/